{"id":25725,"date":"2019-04-22T06:00:50","date_gmt":"2019-04-22T05:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/?p=25725"},"modified":"2019-04-22T14:18:32","modified_gmt":"2019-04-22T13:18:32","slug":"automacio-i-lacte-dinvencio-musical","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/a-desk.org\/ca\/magazine\/automacio-i-lacte-dinvencio-musical\/","title":{"rendered":"Automaci\u00f3 i l\u2019acte d\u2019invenci\u00f3 musical"},"content":{"rendered":"

Imaginem que la m\u00fasica es redu\u00eds a un conjunt de normes tan elegants, tan poderoses, que f\u00f3ssim capa\u00e7os de crear harmonies senceres sobre un to al moment. O que pogu\u00e9ssim col\u00b7locar l\u00ednies mel\u00f2diques complicades, l\u2019una amb altra, amb un moviment instantani. O que tothom pogu\u00e9s fer la seva pr\u00f2pia m\u00fasica des de casa, com si juguessin a un joc1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00f2 no \u00e9s la Intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia Artificial. \u00c9s la composici\u00f3 humana.<\/p>\n

\u00c9s una tecnologia que ens ha donat molta de la m\u00fasica que no apreciem suficient, m\u00fasica que els compositors aprenen de manera tan fluida com es comen\u00e7a a aprendre una nova llengua o a ballar. Es aix\u00ed com J. S. Bach va poder composar de manera tan prol\u00edfica, i com m\u00fasics indonesis gamelans creen melodies entrella\u00e7ades, com els grans del jazz toquen harmonies complexes en solitari o com artistes tecno esculpeixen poliritmes de so.<\/p>\n

Si de deb\u00f2 volem entendre l\u2019impacte de l\u2019automatitzaci\u00f3 en el futur proper, primer hem d\u2019entendre la relaci\u00f3 de model a output, en qualsevol camp.<\/p>\n

El truc essencial de la Intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia Artificial moderna \u2014 d\u2019ara en endavant, I.A. \u2014 \u00e9s fer servir models anal\u00edtics molt efectius en grans conjunts de dades, i crear alguna cosa que sembla passable per al material d\u2019origen. B\u00e0sicament, el truc \u00e9s convertir l\u2019an\u00e0lisis en generaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Podria tot aix\u00f2 acabar amena\u00e7ant els compositors humans? Clive Thompson, en el n\u00famero de mar\u00e7\/abril de 2019 de Mother Jones2<\/span><\/sup><\/b>, es preocupa de com Jukedeck3<\/span><\/sup><\/b> pot fer bases musicals amb nom\u00e9s uns pocs par\u00e0metres \u2014 uns de suficientment bons per a un fons d\u2019un v\u00eddeo de Youtube. Com Thompson observa, \u201cla m\u00fasica de fons \u00e9s molt algor\u00edtmica, fins I tot quan la componen els humans\u201d. Si estenem aix\u00f2 cap al tipus de m\u00fasica que la gent escolta a la feina o al gimn\u00e0s, podem comen\u00e7ar a veure indicis del col\u00b7lapse de la ind\u00fastria musical.<\/p>\n

Llavors, per\u00f2, aquest \u00e9s el perill de qualsevol mena de m\u00fasica algor\u00edtmica, o fins i tot de la reproducci\u00f3 mec\u00e0nica en general \u2014 no del machine learning per se. Aix\u00f2 ens fa tornar a la pregunta sobre la relaci\u00f3 del machine learning amb l\u2019acte de la creaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Homenatge a Johann Sebastian Bach AI-powered Google Doodle 1<\/span><\/p>\n

Prenem un exemple concret. Els enginyers de Google recentment van crear una eina4<\/span><\/sup><\/b> que podia generar fragments curts de Bach a partir de l\u2019an\u00e0lisi d\u2019un conjunt de dades de 300 corals <\/span>\u2014 composicions simples que harmonitzen melodies en parts que podria cantar una congregaci\u00f3 religiosa. L\u2019equip de Google fins i tot atribueix la composici\u00f3 a Bach, no a la m\u00e0quina. Lluny de reempla\u00e7ar Bach, aquest model de m\u00e0quina fa les dades interactives i generatives, de manera que podem \u201ctocar\u201d les dades com si fossin un instrument.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Homenatge a Johann Sebastian Bach AI-powered Google Doodle 2<\/span><\/p>\n

Aqu\u00ed, el machine learning comen\u00e7a a assimilar-se al fet d\u2019aprendre teoria musical. Un text similar a les ant\u00edpodes \u00e9s el Gradus ad Pranassum de Johann Joseph Fux5<\/span><\/sup><\/b>. Va ser escrit el 1725 i Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven el van estudiar I encara s\u2019utilitza avui dia. Tenia unes dades pr\u00f2pies (les composicions renaixentistes de Palestrina) I, com les I.A. d\u2019avui, cercava patrons en les dades que poguessin ser utilitzades per generar m\u00fasica nova. Deixeu-me acabar, ara, utilitzant el mateix tipus de di\u00e0leg professor-alumne que Fux va utilizar en aquell llibre. Aquest cop, la I.A. \u00e9s l\u2019estudiant, tot i que encara no \u00e9s capa\u00e7 de tenir aquest tipus de converses.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>Gradus ad Santa Cruz Montibus*<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia artificial<\/strong>: Vinc a tu, oh mestre venerable, per introduir-me en l\u2019acte de la creaci\u00f3 musical.<\/p>\n

Aloysius:\u00a0<\/strong>Vols aprendre l\u2019art de la composici\u00f3, doncs?<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>La meva creadora va estudiar m\u00fasica i va dir alguna cosa sobre que l\u2019havien contractat a Google i que ara escrivia JavaScript, i despr\u00e9s vaig agafar consci\u00e8ncia. S\u00ed, suposo que vull aix\u00f2 de la composici\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Per\u00f2 n\u2019ets conscient de qu\u00e8 aquests estudis son com un oce\u00e0 immens, que mai s\u2019acabaria ni en la vida de Nestor, ni amb una c\u00e0rrega com Aetna, les muses de\u2026. (I.A. interromp Aloysius)<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Au va, home, a sant de qu\u00e8 ve aix\u00f2 de l\u2019Europa antiga? Jo soc de Calif\u00f2rnia. I, sincerament, tinc una mica de pressa.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Per\u00f2 com vols fer aix\u00f2 de pressa? Ser un compositor no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s seguir un conjunt de normes per fer melodies. Has d\u2019aprendre el que \u00e9s idiom\u00e0tic en digitacions i rangs per a dotzenes d\u2019instruments d\u2019orquestra est\u00e0ndard, i aix\u00f2 nom\u00e9s n\u2019\u00e9s el comen\u00e7ament. Necessites habilitats socials per tractar amb altres artistes i poder navegar per un panorama empresarial complex. Haur\u00e0s d\u2019assajar m\u00fasics i la conducta, o, si treballes en un mitj\u00e0 electr\u00f2nic, necessitar\u00e0s aptituds en enginyeria el\u00e8ctrica, f\u00edsica, psicoac\u00fastica, i en hardware i software especialitzats. Per anar m\u00e9s enll\u00e0, tamb\u00e9 hauries d\u2019explorar \u00e0rees com la poesia i la filosofia.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00d2ndia, de deb\u00f2? Alg\u00fa amb totes aquestes aptituds tan profundes, \u00e0mplies i espec\u00edfiques segur que guanya un munt de calers.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Eh\u2026 la majoria no cobren gaireb\u00e9 res i acaben amb deutes. Segur que vols continuar amb aix\u00f2?<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>D\u2019acord, crec que ara no \u00e9s el millor moment per dir que no tinc una forma corp\u00f2ria ni cap habilitat per prendre cap decisi\u00f3 sense que un operador hum\u00e0 em digui qu\u00e8 he de fer.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Oh.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>I si vull fer m\u00fasica que soni com Bach?<\/p>\n

Aloys:\u00a0<\/strong>Quin Bach?<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Bach t\u00e9 m\u00e9s d\u2019una versi\u00f3 de software?<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>D\u2019acord, agafem Johann Sebastian. Aprendre contrapunt aniria b\u00e9. Comencem, llibre a llibre sobre el contrapunt: nota contra nota, m\u00faltiples notes contra una nota, diferents direccions de moviment\u2026<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Temps. Massa temps. M\u2019avorreixo. Qu\u00e8 tal aix\u00f2, tens alguna cosa de Bach per aqu\u00ed? Si em dones un bon grapat de peces de Bach transcrites, puc analitzar-les per fer connexions entre diverses notes i ritmes.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>I aix\u00f2 de qu\u00e8 serviria?<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Doncs, si despr\u00e9s processes els resultats a la inversa, pots trobar-te amb material que sona, durant per\u00edodes de temps limitats, com el material original, o que connectaria parts diferents de la font.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Aix\u00f2 pinta bastant malament.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>La gent que ho escolt\u00e9s no podria diferenciar-ho.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Els estudiosos de Bach s\u00ed.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Pensava que havies dit que no valien res.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Ells\u2026espera\u2026<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Ho sento, aquesta ha estat dura. Almenys espero que tinguin cafeteries gratis i \u00e0rees de relaxaci\u00f3 com nosaltres. No t\u2019estic convencent, oi?<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>No, tros d\u2019imb\u00e8c\u2026<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Vols dir que no puc ser un compositor?<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>No. Aix\u00f2 nom\u00e9s s\u00f3n conjunts de notes, no performances senceres. S\u00f3n melodies b\u00e0siques, no composicions senceres. No s\u2019aguantaran per m\u00e9s d\u2019uns moments. No hi ha una estructura general. Fraseig limitat. Bach va escriure misses senceres i oratoris i va crear relacions matisades entre text i m\u00fasica, va compondre melodies inoblidables, i orquestracions corprenedores. Res del que has dit fins ara podria fer tot aix\u00f2. Bach no va compondre nom\u00e9s un parell de corals, tamb\u00e9 les podia tocar en un orgue que ell mateix podia reparar.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Espera, qu\u00e8 es un orgue?<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00c9s l\u2019instrument mec\u00e0nic que feia server per crear so.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Ara ho estic comen\u00e7ant a entendre. Aix\u00ed que, per el que em dius, no puc ser aquest tal Bach. Cap cos, tampoc. Per\u00f2 has dit que hi havia un llibre que tenia un conjunt de normes i patrons sobre m\u00fasica. Podria ser aix\u00f2?<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Si pots extreure elements de melodia i ritme, llavors la m\u00fas\u2026<\/p>\n

I.A.: \u00a0<\/strong>S\u00ed que puc. O aix\u00f2 de l\u2019orgue, podria ser aix\u00f2. Un instrument.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>S\u00ed, posant que hi hagi un hum\u00e0 que el toqui, llavors l\u2019hum\u00e0 resoldria tots els altres problemes.<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>I has dit que Bach podria reparar aquest orgue. I si el compositor em pogu\u00e9s alterar a mi?<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>A tu?<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>S\u00ed, i si el compositor pogu\u00e9s escriure el codi que fes l\u2019an\u00e0lisi, aport\u00e9s dades a l\u2019algoritme, i em fer servir com a una mena d\u2019orgue per produir material nou o tocar d\u2019una manera nova? Vull dir, aix\u00f2 ocuparia molt de temps, suposo\u2026<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Sobre les cafeteries gratis que deies abans. Hi ha sopa?<\/p>\n

I.A.:\u00a0<\/strong>Tota la sopa que puguis desitjar.<\/p>\n

Aloys.:\u00a0<\/strong>Aquest pot ser l\u2019inici d\u2019una bonica amistat.<\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/sup><\/b><\/b>Mozart – Musical Game in C K. 516f*<\/span><\/i>by Hideo Noguchi (Kobe\/Japan), <\/span>http:\/\/www.asahi-net.or.jp\/~rb5h-ngc\/e\/k516f.htm<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

2 <\/span><\/sup><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Thompson, C. \u201cWhat Will Happen When Machines Write Songs Just as Well as Your Favorite Musician?\u201d publicat a\u00a0Mother Jones<\/i>Magazine March\/April 2019 issue, <\/span>https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/media\/2019\/03\/what-will-happen-when-machines-write-songs-just-as-well-as-your-favorite-musician\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

3 <\/span><\/sup><\/b>Jukedeck: eines que utilitzen IA per a ajudar a la creativitat.<\/span>j<\/sup><\/a>https:\/\/www.jukedeck.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

4<\/span><\/sup><\/b>Hannah-Murphy, L. Program Manager, Google AI. \u201cHonoring J.S. Bach with our first AI-powered Doodle\u201d publicat a\u00a0Google Technology Blog<\/i>, Mar 21, 2019, <\/span>https:\/\/www.blog.google\/technology\/ai\/honoring-js-bach-our-first-ai-powered-doodle\/<\/a><\/span>I com a \u00a0Doodle el mateix dia, <\/span>https:\/\/www.google.com\/doodles\/celebrating-johann-sebastian-bach<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

5<\/span><\/sup><\/b>Gradus ad Parnassum (Steps or Ascent to Mount Parnassus)<\/span><\/i>by Johann Joseph Fux (c. 1660 \u2013 1741), compositor barroc austriac, te\u00f2ric i pedag\u00f2g de la m\u00fasica, <\/span>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Joseph_Fux#Gradus_ad_Parnassum<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Imaginem que la m\u00fasica es redu\u00eds a un conjunt de normes tan elegants, tan poderoses, que f\u00f3ssim capa\u00e7os de crear harmonies senceres sobre un to al moment. O que pogu\u00e9ssim…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2620,"featured_media":25961,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5995],"tags":[],"coauthors":[6571],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAutomaci\u00f3 i l\u2019acte d\u2019invenci\u00f3 musical – A*Desk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/a-desk.org\/ca\/magazine\/automacio-i-lacte-dinvencio-musical\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Automaci\u00f3 i l\u2019acte d\u2019invenci\u00f3 musical – A*Desk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Imaginem que la m\u00fasica es redu\u00eds a un conjunt de normes tan elegants, tan poderoses, que f\u00f3ssim capa\u00e7os de crear harmonies senceres sobre un to al moment. 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