{"id":7592,"date":"2013-04-09T02:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-04-09T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/2013\/04\/09\/les-dues-cares-del-crowdsourcing\/"},"modified":"2013-04-09T02:00:00","modified_gmt":"2013-04-09T02:00:00","slug":"les-dues-cares-del-crowdsourcing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/a-desk.org\/ca\/magazine\/les-dues-cares-del-crowdsourcing\/","title":{"rendered":"Les dues cares del crowdsourcing"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"mechanical-turk.jpg\" Certament, les grans xarxes col\u00b7laboratives sorgides a recer d’Internet han fet possible la realitzaci\u00f3 d’excepcionals projectes creatius, l’exist\u00e8ncia dels quals hagu\u00e9s estat impensable fa nom\u00e9s uns quants anys. Els fets han demostrat que les multituds connectades en xarxa tenen la capacitat de dur a bon terme valuosos productes culturals, si compten amb les plataformes tecnol\u00f2giques i els mitjans d’organitzaci\u00f3 i adequats. L’acci\u00f3 coordinada -encara que sigui mitjan\u00e7ant pr\u00e0ctiques i regles informals- de grans comunitats en l\u00ednia s’ha mostrat molt efica\u00e7 per fer propostes en camps tan diferents com la ci\u00e8ncia; la tecnologia; la cultura o les finances. El treball de la multitud ha estat utilitzat amb \u00e8xit en projectes tan diferents com la catalogaci\u00f3 d’esp\u00e8cies animals i vegetals al voltant del m\u00f3n, el desenvolupament de programes de software<\/em>, la redacci\u00f3 d’enciclop\u00e8dies o la predicci\u00f3 del comportament de valors financers.<\/p>\n

El crowdsourcing<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, la pr\u00e0ctica de rec\u00f3rrer a grans comunitats o grups de persones per a realitzar tasques concretes, s’ha revelat com un poder\u00f3s motor de creaci\u00f3. No per res, pensadors amb ideologies tan diferents com Manuel Castells, Howard Rheingold, Don Tapscott i Anthony D. Williams han expressat la seva admiraci\u00f3 per la capacitat de la multitud per desenvolupar treballs ambiciosos i complexos.<\/p>\n

\u00c9s innegable que el crowdsourcing<\/em> s’est\u00e0 significant com un notable factor de productivitat i un extraordinari motor econ\u00f2mic. Aix\u00f2 no obstant, encara est\u00e0 pendent de realitzar una an\u00e0lisi cr\u00edtica sobre les seves conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies en el treball cognitiu. L’esfor\u00e7 multitudinari ha fet possible gaudir d’importants realitzacions que han quedat a disposici\u00f3 de la comunitat: entre les m\u00e9s conegudes es troben diversos programes de software<\/em> lliure i la Wikipedia. Tot i aix\u00f2, el crowdsourcing<\/em> tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 el seu revers fosc: al cap i a la fi, la creaci\u00f3 de grans xarxes d’individus disposats a realitzar tasques m\u00e9s o menys complexes, acceptant sovint meres recompenses simb\u00f2liques, ha comportat la precaritzaci\u00f3 de les condicions laborals de nombrosos treballadors en l’\u00e0mbit del saber i del coneixement.<\/p>\n

Podem trobar un exemple descarnat dels efectes perversos del crowdsourcing<\/em> a Mechanical Turk<\/a> d’Amazon, una plataforma virtual que ofereix a les empreses la possibilitat d’utilitzar la for\u00e7a de treball de la multitud per externalitzar tasques, per\u00f2 que a la pr\u00e0ctica, s’ha convertit en un mercat en qu\u00e8 els individus posen a disposici\u00f3 les seves habilitats a preus sovint irrisoris. Aquest lloc, on els treballadors realitzen tasques cognitives per salaris generalment \u00ednfims, suposa la culminaci\u00f3 d’un model productiu nascut de la converg\u00e8ncia entre l’efici\u00e8ncia de les tecnologies digitals i la filosofia des-reguladora del neoliberalisme. Mechanical Turk \u00e9s un entorn de treball que, per la seva virtualitat, permet als ocupadors aconseguir una for\u00e7a de treball pr\u00e0cticament despullada de tot dret: sense seguretat social; sense vacances; sense protecci\u00f3 laboral i sense gaireb\u00e9 cap defensa enfront dels abusos de els empresaris.<\/p>\n

Resulta sorprenent que hi hagi analistes capa\u00e7os de justificar les condicions que regeixen plataformes del tipus de Mechanical Turk. En aquest sentit, Erik Brynjolfsson i Andrew McAfee, investigadors del Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), defensen, a Race Against The Machine<\/em>, l’exist\u00e8ncia de projectes com el d’Amazon, amb l’argument que en ells hi ha el germen de models empresarials que crearan riquesa en el futur. D’acord amb el raonament d’aquests autors, la precarietat imposada als treballadors actuals de Mechanical Turk \u00e9s el preu a pagar per la prosperitat que l’efici\u00e8ncia dels mercats comportar\u00e0 en temps que han de venir. Fent gala d’una ironia involunt\u00e0ria, Brynjolfsson i McAfee converteixen la fe en el futur, pr\u00f2pia del pensament modern, en un ingredient fonamental de la mitologia neoliberal.<\/p>\n

Justificar la precarietat de les condicions del treball cognitiu a les xarxes digitals de comunicaci\u00f3 adduint que \u00e9s la condici\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria per a assolir un ordre econ\u00f2mic m\u00e9s eficient suposa caure v\u00edctima d’una doble creen\u00e7a supersticiosa: la que afirma, d’una banda, que la tecnologia \u00e9s a si mateixa un motor del progr\u00e9s social i, de l’altra, que els mercats s\u00f3n sistemes que es regulen de forma natural.<\/p>\n

Un senzill cop d’ull a la hist\u00f2ria dels dos \u00faltims segles \u00e9s suficient per rebatre els arguments de McAfee i Brynjolfsson: la revoluci\u00f3 t\u00e8cnica que va comportar el capitalisme industrial no va suposar per s\u00ed mateixa una millora en les condicions de vida de la gent: drets laborals que a Europa (encara) poden semblar tan naturals, com la jornada de vuit hores o les vacances pagades, s\u00f3n una conquesta social resultat de d\u00e8cades de confrontaci\u00f3 i no la conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia directa de la maquinitzaci\u00f3 de la societat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Certament, les grans xarxes col\u00b7laboratives sorgides a recer d’Internet han fet possible la realitzaci\u00f3 d’excepcionals projectes creatius, l’exist\u00e8ncia dels quals hagu\u00e9s estat impensable fa nom\u00e9s uns quants anys. Els fets…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1256,"featured_media":7523,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6782],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes dues cares del crowdsourcing – A*Desk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/a-desk.org\/ca\/magazine\/les-dues-cares-del-crowdsourcing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les dues cares del crowdsourcing – A*Desk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Certament, les grans xarxes col\u00b7laboratives sorgides a recer d’Internet han fet possible la realitzaci\u00f3 d’excepcionals projectes creatius, l’exist\u00e8ncia dels quals hagu\u00e9s estat impensable fa nom\u00e9s uns quants anys. 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