{"id":36105,"date":"2022-04-29T07:30:09","date_gmt":"2022-04-29T05:30:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/?p=36105"},"modified":"2023-07-09T14:44:44","modified_gmt":"2023-07-09T12:44:44","slug":"labor-fascism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/a-desk.org\/en\/magazine\/labor-fascism\/","title":{"rendered":"Labor Fascism"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">The relationship between knowledge and economics has not only determined the field of thought production, in terms of what kind of knowledge generates economic (and therefore legitimate) surplus value, but the dialectic between both powers has also organized our symbolic life in the form of activities that we call Work, a legacy of the hypothetical Modern Progress based on the Christian narrative.<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Industrial Revolution as a paradigm of Modernity was based on a historical narrative that was part of the existential dogma of Euro-centric, and therefore Christian, societies. Beginning with&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">With the aim of regulating, organizing, specializing, departmentalizing, dominating and controlling what is produced and enunciated, Work as a disciplinary action becomes \u201csocial movement,\u201d in the sense that it is not alien to society but rather constitutes and orders it in its process of abstraction, with ideologies about who, what and how our efforts should be, hypothetically, rewarded.<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The capitalist narrative that creates motivating and naive phrases such as \u201ccount on me,\u201d \u201cwork hard and you will go far,\u201d and \u201call efforts will be rewarded,\u201d are very useful for&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">Capitalism, which feeds on physical, proletarian Work as the only possible element for sale, has invented rules that it enforces through institutions closely linked to generating wealth at the top of the financial pyramid, which is supposed to be \u201cnatural.\u201d However, Max Weber showed that liberalism created an inflation of economic institutions driven by bureaucracy,<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Bureaucratization of the World in the Neoliberal Era. Hibou, B.<span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/span>,\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">causing an increase in legislative and administrative measures that monetize and centralize the production and consumption that determines Work, its types, offers and demands, with the resulting social class as a legitimized specialty.<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The specialization of work as an active element of capital accumulation not only serves to endow the figure of the person who calls himself a \u201cspecialist\u201d with an ego, supporting differences and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> It is important, therefore, to consider how not only is there nothing \u201cnatural\u201d about the market, but also that Work as a mechanism of domination, alienation and modern slavery has become a multidimensional phenomenon that blocks class struggle by forcing proletarians into survival mode. The capitalism that dominates societies in military fields that obey the master\u00a0and that has turned the basic rights of housing, food, education and culture into elements of privilege, has served as a fascist mechanism to emphasize gender and sexual differences, has generated, organized and evaluates social classes insofar as their usefulness, and has created an official hegemonic historical narrative that needs to be criticized.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 800px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-36105-1\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ADESK-1-desktop.m4v?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ADESK-1-desktop.m4v\">http:\/\/a-desk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ADESK-1-desktop.m4v<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Abolish Naivety: On the Ability to Metamorphose<\/h3>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\">Ideological discourse often lacks ways to easily identify the statements, narratives or arguments for or against officialdom. The reorientation of the gaze and the logic of obligation assumed as economic and symbolic surplus value in cultural practices<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">Artistic work.<\/span><span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/span>,\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">produce changes in how we to see ourselves in and with the world. The organizational goal of contemporary capitalism, with Work as a form of control over what it produces, proposes creativity as an element of exchange and as a symbolic currency, forcing us to legitimize ourselves in the institutional structure that authorizes or impedes the entry of such creativity into a circuit that filters and imposes \u201cwhat should be\u201d in the name of the patriarchal State. In its purely economic logic and performance criteria,<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">One of the strategies that capitalism has used to erect itself as the only model of survival is to deny other life alternatives, and those models that we know tend to construct poverty from the&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_6');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">capitalism uses creativity by means of state policies that, beyond promoting creativity as a tool to think about the condition of thinking, generates discourse production centers that reaffirm the class-based roadmap, giving us as a society the \u201cresponsibility\u201d to build a future<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">As religions have done and continue to do, the promise of a better future is one of the mechanisms that have been and are used to replicate the same vertical structure. The Radicant by Borriaud, N.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> where creativity is subordinated to production.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">One of the symptoms that shows how capitalism has used culture as a symbolic and economic motor is the use of terms typical of the business sphere: cultural industries, production, objectives and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">Us so-called artists, in our attempt to make a living wage<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">,\u00a0To consider oneself an artist because \u201cthey can live from their work as an artist\u201d is to not consider the privileges that have allowed them to carry out such work.<span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">have allowed ourselves to be subjected to what Foucault already announced through biopolitics:<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36105_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><\/span>Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France (1978-1979). Foucault, M.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36105_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>: life conditioned on a political model that avoids any collective commitment. Avoiding such responsibility, together with culture as an element of production where thinking has ceased to be the center, we affirm that capitalism is not only a financial mechanism for the organization of classes, gender, political and official narratives, but also that it has become a language based on the logic of exchange, debt and the promise of constant reparation, concealing its ability to metamorphosize and pluralize discourse. It is no coincidence, then, that cultural institutions introduce new terms that were already used to criticize Postmodernity, such as feminism, colonialism and gender, but until work structures include these terms in order to break with verticality, we will remain within a fiction that converts what could be the destruction of verticality into a formalist, harmless scratch.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 800px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-36105-2\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ADESK-2.mp4?_=2\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/a-desk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ADESK-2.mp4\">http:\/\/a-desk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ADESK-2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_36105_1();\">&#x202F;<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_36105_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_36105_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_36105_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Industrial Revolution as a paradigm of Modernity was based on a historical narrative that was part of the existential dogma of Euro-centric, and therefore Christian, societies. Beginning with \u201cBy the sweat of your brow you shall earn your bread\u201d (Genesis 3:19), it was believed that societies should \u201cstrive\u201d to build a better present and future through mechanization and knowledge that would help improve their lives (based on Power and Authority, Weber, Max).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The capitalist narrative that creates motivating and naive phrases such as \u201ccount on me,\u201d \u201cwork hard and you will go far,\u201d and \u201call efforts will be rewarded,\u201d are very useful for economically underdeveloped societies, since they present formulas of continuity to keep from perishing in one\u2019s attempt to climb the peak reserved for the bourgeoisie and wealthy.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Bureaucratization of the World in the Neoliberal Era. Hibou, B.<span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The specialization of work as an active element of capital accumulation not only serves to endow the figure of the person who calls himself a \u201cspecialist\u201d with an ego, supporting differences and thus a hierarchy of knowledge, but also classifies and judges others. If for some reason we do not become a professional of \u201cthat for which we have supposedly prepared ourselves,\u201d the result is frustration, anxiety and a lack of understanding.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">Artistic work.<\/span><span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">One of the strategies that capitalism has used to erect itself as the only model of survival is to deny other life alternatives, and those models that we know tend to construct poverty from the economy, approaching it with the politics of compassion towards those who, for various reasons, have not developed adequately in the logic of the growth of aggressive progress.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">As religions have done and continue to do, the promise of a better future is one of the mechanisms that have been and are used to replicate the same vertical structure. The Radicant by Borriaud, N.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">One of the symptoms that shows how capitalism has used culture as a symbolic and economic motor is the use of terms typical of the business sphere: cultural industries, production, objectives and budgets suppose logics of thinking of culture as a formal element of liberalism.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">,\u00a0To consider oneself an artist because \u201cthey can live from their work as an artist\u201d is to not consider the privileges that have allowed them to carry out such work.<span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><span lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36105_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36105_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36105_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><\/span>Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France (1978-1979). Foucault, M.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_36105_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_36105_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_36105_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_36105_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_36105_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_36105_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_36105_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_36105_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_36105_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_36105_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_36105_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_36105_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); 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